Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Liability: Reassessing Mens Rea in the Age of Autonomous Systems
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Mens Rea, Criminal Liability, Autonomous Systems, Digital Crime, AI GovernanceAbstract
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems challenges traditional doctrines of criminal liability, particularly the concept of mens rea. Existing criminal law frameworks are primarily designed for human actors, assuming intentionality, knowledge, or negligence as mental elements of crime. However, AI systems increasingly operate with varying degrees of autonomy, raising complex questions about attribution of criminal responsibility when harm occurs. This article critically examines whether current criminal law doctrines are sufficient to address offences involving AI-driven decision-making or whether doctrinal reform is necessary. Using doctrinal legal research and comparative analysis of selected jurisdictions, this study explores three potential models of liability: operator liability, developer liability, and autonomous system accountability. The findings indicate significant conceptual gaps in attributing intent in AI-related harm, particularly where machine learning systems produce unpredictable outcomes. The study argues that strict reliance on traditional mens rea may lead to accountability deficits or overextension of human liability. It proposes a recalibrated framework combining strict liability for high-risk AI deployment and enhanced regulatory oversight. The article concludes that criminal law must evolve toward a hybrid accountability model to ensure justice in the era of autonomous technologies.
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